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September 7, 2019

AGRA

A Study of the Impact of AGRA-Trained Personnel on the African Agricultural Landscape and Capacity Gap Assessment of African Agricultural Personnel.

The Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) is a dynamic, African-led partnership working across the African continent to help millions of smallholder farmers out of poverty. AGRA’s current Strategy (2017 – 2021) focuses on inclusive agricultural transformation in 11 key focus countries in western (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria), eastern (Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda), and southern (Malawi and Mozambique) Africa. AGRA’s mission, is to trigger an African-led Green Revolution based on smallholder farmers with the following two key goals to be achieved by 2020: i) double the incomes of at least 30 million farm households through productivity improvements and access to markets and finance; and ii) ensure all focus countries are on a pathway to attaining and sustaining agricultural transformations through sustainable agricultural productivity growth and access to markets and finance. To achieve these goals, AGRA works with African governments, international partners, private sector and public institutions to mobilize and muster the needed resources and political support.

The current AGRA Strategy (2017 – 2021) is predicated on lessons and experiences garnered over the first decade of its existence, 2006 – 2016.  During this inaugural strategic period, AGRA’s investments focused on developing the human and institutional capacity for agricultural research, support to developing new varieties of priority crops, and input production and distribution.  The human capacity development initiatives ranged from farmer training to PhD degree training programs in various AGRA-priority disciplines. Specifically, AGRA embarked on initiatives aimed at alleviating the human capital constraints to increasing crop productivity and profitability in Africa by training plant breeders and other plant scientists to develop new higher-yielding and stress-tolerant varieties that are locally adapted and have farmer-preferred traits. This was complemented by degree training in Soil Science, Seed Science, Agricultural and Applied Economics, and short-term training of seed industry personnel, research support staff, extension staff, and farmers. Over 1100 young personnel (40 percent women) received postgraduate (MSc and PhD) degree training on AGRA sponsorship and a greater share of them have since graduated and are helping develop solutions to smallholder farmer challenges in seeds, soils, and policy across Africa.

Through the provision of business development and support services, AGRA has supported the founding and growth of over 600 SMEs, helped develop agribusinesses who buy and process farmers’ produce, and trained 950 seed enterprise personnel from over 100 seed companies. Moreover, 260 laboratory and field technicians, 4,900 extension agents, 2,780 fertilizer inspectors and 100 seed companies have been equipped to do their work more efficiently, thus improving productivity. AGRA training programs have also helped to build the institutional capacity of 15 universities, national agricultural research institutes, and a few centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) in 13 countries of sub-Sahara Africa. This entailed improvement of laboratories and irrigation infrastructure, establishment of breeding programs, and other works that have an impact on the quality of training even for non-AGRA sponsored students.

Notwithstanding these achievements, there are still numerous challenges with regard to low capacity for the last mile delivery of technology to farmers, low numbers of scientists in public and private sector as well as grantee capacity to implement some of the programs. Trained scientists in plant breeding constitute 40-50 percent of all active plant breeders in NARS of Rwanda, Malawi, Mozambique, Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. The estimated number of plant breeders in the entire sub-Sahara Africa was less than 500 in 2006 (PASS Country Studies, 2006). The AGRA funded trained scientists to date resulted in doubling the number of scientists in the region. In addition, AGRA-trained scientists have released over 184 improved varieties of a wide range of crops including maize, rice, beans, cassava, groundnuts, finger millet, sorghum, and cowpea; 75 percent of these are already commercialized and grown by farmers in 13 countries.

In Kenya, for example, AGRA-funded research programs managed by AGRA-trained scientists resulted in the first new finger millet varieties developed and released in Africa. Similarly, the first truly African bred varieties of maize adapted to the Sahel were developed for Mali. The varieties are very early maturing and drought tolerant, enabling farmers to not only escape but withstand drought. The trained scientists are managing over 60 percent of the national plant breeding research in their respective countries, 10 percent of CGIAR breeding research, public agricultural research stations, while some are working with private African seed companies.

While progress has been impressive, the consolidated benefits accruing from the redeployment of the AGRA-trained graduates in their respective countries has not been captured in any systematic way. Therefore, the indicated progress does not give a holistic impact of AGRA’s training programs on the continent. There is need to trace and document the whereabouts of AGRA-trained personnel with details on what they are currently engaged in and the impact they are making on the continent. In addition, there is limited information on the maximum number of qualified, crop-dedicated scientists to develop the required technologies needed to trigger an African Green Revolution in the focus countries. Furthermore, lack of reliable and current statistics on qualified scientists at post and their age distribution to determine their remaining years of active service has led to inaccurate accounts of the magnitude of the capacity gap in the AGRA focus countries.

STUDY OBJECTIVES

This study was commissioned by AGRA to determine and document the contribution of its training programs to developing human and institutional capacity of public agricultural research institutes in eleven African countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda) based on the following objectives:

  1. Trace and document the whereabouts of AGRA-trained personnel with details on what they are currently engaged in and the impact they are making;
  2. Provide reliable and updated statistics on qualified and active scientists at post in public agricultural research institutes and their age distribution to determine their remaining years of active service;
  3. Determine the critical number of qualified scientists (e.g., breeders/biotechnologists, soil scientists, agronomists, seed scientists, agricultural economists), to develop and promote the technologies needed to trigger an African Green Revolution for specific priority staple crops;
  4. Determine AGRA’s contribution to bridging identified capacity gaps in Kenya; and

Identify available support structures that the scientists are working through and whether these provide the required facilitation towards the work of the scientists.

(Period 2019-2020)

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May 7, 2019

AfDB

Authorship of African Development Report – Chapter 3: Accelerating Agricultural Production in Africa through Research, Development and Innovation. (Period 2017)

Agricultural development in Africa is key to triggering economic growth, reducing poverty, narrowing income disparities, providing food security, and delivering ecosystem services (Byerlee et al., 2009). Structural changes in global agricultural markets coupled with demographic, socio-economic, and biophysical factors are shaping demands, imposing production constraints, and influencing the pathways to agricultural development in the region. Realizing that broad-based development of their economies hinges on agriculture, African governments have consistently demonstrated a desire for an agricultural renaissance, and the sector growth statistics are starting to show significant improvements in many countries. For instance, over 15 African countries have exhibited at least 6 percent average sector growth between 2008 and 2014 (Badiane et al., 2016).

These growth statistics have not been as dramatic as the Green Revolution of Asia and Latin America. Nevertheless, the adverse externalizes associated with the success of agriculture in Asia and Latin America offers some key lessons from which Africa can learn and thereby chart out more sustainable paradigms of growth. Like in the Green Revolution, research and innovation are key enablers of Africa’s agricultural growth and development, especially in precipitating technical changes to bridge productivity gaps of smallholder farmers who constitute over 80 percent of agricultural production (Lowder et al., 2016).

Strategic documents of key regional agencies unequivocally provide for agricultural research, development and innovation (RDI). The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP), the flagship initiative on agriculture of the African Union Commission (AUC) and New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), dedicated a pillar to agricultural research, technology generation and adoption in its first decade of implementation, 2003 – 2013. Currently, the 1st Strategic Action Area of the post-Malabo CAADP Implementation Strategy and Roadmap, clearly supports agricultural RDI (AUC/NPCA, 2014). Earlier in 2007, the African Union enacted a policy decision urging African countries to allocate at least 1 percent of GDP to research and development by 2010. The African Development Bank (AfDB) has also earmarked support to RDI in Africa in its Feed Africa Strategy (2016 – 2025) (AfDB, 2016). Similarly, the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) has successively elaborated frameworks around which science and technology (and associated institutional provisions) can better support agricultural RDI, viz.: Framework for Africa’s Agricultural Productivity (FAAP) and Science Agenda for Agriculture in Africa (S3A). The objective of this chapter is to underscore the centrality of RDI as an enabler of agricultural transformation in Africa. The chapter gives a contextual account of RDI in Africa, the necessary fiscal and institutional reforms to support RDI, pathways for effective knowledge management, ending with pertinent conclusions and policy recommendations.

(Period 2017)

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February 7, 2019

ASARECA

Consultancy to Review National Level Studies on Human and Institutional Capacity Gaps for Implementation of CAADP in Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. (Period 2017)

The Africa Human Capital in Science, Technology & Agri-preneurship for Food Security Framework (AHC-STAFF) project was initiated by the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) in 2014 at the instance of the European Commission, specifically to identify areas in which the development partner could channel critical investments in human capital formation to support Africa’s agriculture. Specific findings and recommendations emanating from AHC-STAFF studies were intended as inputs in strategies and programs on human capital development to support CAADP implementation at national, sub-regional and regional levels.

The AHC-STAFF focused four study areas, viz.: review of CAADP’s National Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plans (NAFSIPs), interpretation of the Global Yield Gap Atlas (GYGA) studies conducted in various countries, assessing current and future human capital requirements along specific value chains, and forecasting quantitative and qualitative future human capital requirements in agriculture.

The elucidated capacity components from these studies were to be used to construct country, sub-regional and regional frameworks i.e., broad outline of areas agreed upon by the implementation teams to be targeted for investments in capacity development to support CAADP implementation. A conceptual framework for implementing the AHC-STAFF study results in the ASARECA countries was proposed. Specifically, the potential entry points for AHC-STAFF contribution to in-country capacity development strategies were outlined.

(Period 2017)

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